Alien Registration- Anderson, Annie (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/24695/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Anderson, Annie (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/24695/thumbnail.jp

The Effect of Gender and Status Difference on Saturated Fat Content of Entree Items Chosen by Elementary School-Aged Students

The purpose of this study was to examine participants in a National School Lunch Program (NSLP), and the effect of gender and/or participation in the NSLP on selection of high saturated fat content entrée items by the students. Nutrition information provided to parents often does not include a profile of the fats offered in school lunch items. This was true of this study\u27s schools. However, new NSLP guidelines focus upon saturated and trans fat content in school lunches. The total kcal limit is less than 30% total fat, and saturated fat is less than or equal to 10% total kcal, along with 0gms/serving trans fat. So, there is a need to monitor the fat profile of foods offered to ensure schools meet the new guidelines. As a part of a large plate waste study, all entrée items served in February 2013 in 11 elementary schools were analyzed for SFAs, MUFAs, PUFAs, trans fat, and total fat and total kcal using \u27best fit\u27 selection criteria with Nutritionist Pro TM nutritional analysis software based upon matching of nutrient content (Kcal, CHO, Protein, Total fat, and Sodium) from the school district and recipes of actual entrée items served. In an offer-based school lunch service, three entrée items/day were served with a constant of vegetarian choice (consisting of cheese stick, yogurt, and cracker product) each day. Student numbers were 5,375 total; with a total of 79,359 purchases with a total of 41,738 purchases were made by males and 37,621 by females. Total \u27paid\u27, \u27free\u27 and \u27reduced\u27 meal selections were 24,654; 50,365; and 4,340, respectively. Point of Sale data collected during the same time period coupled with lunch dietary analysis data is being used to determine the effect of gender and/or participation in the free and reduced school lunch program on the selection of high saturated fat content entrée items by elementary school aged students. Results: There was no significant difference seen with nutrients with the interaction of gender and participation status. There was no significant difference in gender except for males with a significant difference in monounsaturated fat (p\u3c.0001). There were significant differences in total calories (p=0.0052), total fat (p=0.0011), saturated fat free (p=0.0028), and polyunsaturated fat (p=0.0015) with paid status. Significant differences in monounsaturated fat (p =0.0007) and trans fat (p=0.0015) were seen with free status. Chi-square analysis assessed the association between gender or participation status and entrée selection and detected significant differences with gender, and with status (participation in NSLP). Conclusion: The means for saturated fat for gender and participation status in this study meet the guidelines of less than or equal to 10 % of total calories from saturated fat from the school lunch entrée. Male students preferred BBQ and Pizza based entrées more than females. Paid status preferred more chicken entrées and pizza entrées. Free status preferred teriyaki beef dippers and hamburger entrées. Further research needs to be performed on entrée selection and consumption to gather more data on the intake of saturated fat for students participating in the free and reduced NSLP and how much saturated fat is being consumed in lunch time meals

Alien Registration- Anderson, Annie (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/24695/thumbnail.jp

Reducing the volume, exposure and negative impacts of advertising for foods high in fat, sugar and salt to children: a systematic review of the evidence from statutory and self-regulatory actions and educational measures

Purpose: To identify and review evidence on 1) the effectiveness of statutory and self-regulatory actions to reduce the volume, exposure or wider impact of advertising for foods high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) to children, and 2) the role of educational measures. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic review of three databases (Medline, CINAHL and PsycINFO) and grey literature was carried out. Relevant evidence included studies evaluating advertising bans and restrictions, advertising literacy programmes and parental communication styles. Relevant media included TV, internet, radio, magazines and newspaper advertising. No studies were excluded based on language or publication date. Findings: Forty-seven publications were included: 19 provided evidence for the results of statutory regulation, 25 for self-regulation, and six for educational approaches. Outcome measures varied in approach, quality and results. Findings suggested statutory regulation could reduce the volume of and children's exposure to advertising for foods HFSS, and had potential to impact more widely. Self-regulatory approaches showed varied results in reducing children's exposure. There was some limited support for educational measures. Discussion: Consistency in measures from evaluations over time would assist the development and interpretation of the evidence base on successful actions and measures to reduce the volume, exposure and impact of advertising for foods HFSS to children

Alien Registration- Anderson, Annie (Saint Agatha, Aroostook County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/33335/thumbnail.jp

Why Anti-Surcharge Laws Do Not Violate a Merchant\u27s Freedom of Speech

First Amendment litigation is surrounding state anti-surcharge laws, which prevent merchants from imposing surcharges on transactions where customers use credit cards. These laws effectively prevent stores from passing credit card swipe fees onto their customers. Merchants argue that because the laws still allow them to provide discounts to customers who use other forms of payment, the laws violate their First Amendment rights by impermissibly restricting the way the stores can communicate. The state governments, in contrast, have defended the laws by asserting that they regulate conduct, not business speech, and therefore do not violate the First Amendment. The Supreme Court in Expressions Hair Design v. Schneidermananswered part of the inquiry when it held that New York\u27s anti-surcharge law violated speech, not conduct. Now, the case will return to the Second Circuit, which will determine whether it survives constitutional scrutiny. This Comment argues that anti-surcharge laws do not violate the First Amendment because they regulate speech that relates to commercial transactions and are thus categorized as commercial speech. Further, this Comment argues that state anti-surcharge laws survive the intermediate scrutiny applied to commercial speech as established by Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York

Time to address the double inequality of differences in dietary intake between Scotland and England

Geographical disparities in health outcomes have been evident across the UK for decades. There is limited recent analysis on the dietary differences between Scotland and England that might go some way to explain these health differences. This study aimed to assess whether, and to what degree, aspects of diet and nutrition differ between Scottish and English populations, specifically between those with similar household incomes. Twelve years of UK food purchase data (2001-2012) were pooled and used to estimate household level consumption data for Scotland and England. Population mean food consumption and nutrient intakes were estimated, adjusting for known confounders (year, age of household reference person, age they left full-time education and income). Comparison was also made within equivalised income quintiles. Analysis showed that the foods and nutrients that should be increased in the diet (highlighted in the Scottish Dietary Goals) were lower in Scotland than England (e.g. fruit and vegetables 267g/day (99%CI 259-274g/day) vs. 298g/day (99%CI 296-301g/day), P<0.001). Likewise, foods and drinks linked with poor health outcomes were higher in Scotland. These regional inequalities in diet were even more pronounced in the lower income groups (e.g. red and processed meat consumption in the lowest income quintile was 65g/day (99% CI 61-69g/day) in Scotland vs. 58g/day (99% CI 57-60g/day) in England, P<0.001, but similar in the highest income quintile (58g/day (99%CI 54-61 g/day) vs. 59g/day (99% CI 58-60 g/day) respectively). A poorer diet in Scotland compared to England, particularly among disadvantaged groups, may contribute to differences in excess mortality between countries

Making hospital shops healthier:evaluating the implementation of a mandatory standard for limiting food products and promotions in hospital retail outlets

Background The range of products stocked and their promotions in food retail outlets in healthcare settings can affect food choices by staff, patients and visitors. The innovative Scottish Healthcare Retail Standard (HRS) is a national mandatory scheme requiring all hospital food retail outlets to change the balance of food products stocked and their promotion to comply with nutritional criteria and promotional restrictions. The aim is to facilitate healthier food choices in healthcare settings. This study examined the implementation of HRS and the impact on foods stocked and promoted. Methods The study aimed to examine implementation process and changes to the retail environment in relation to food promotions and choice. A sample of hospital retail outlets (n=17) including shops and trolley services were surveyed using a mixed methods design comprising: (a) structured observational audits of stock, layout and promotions (with a specific focus on chocolate and fruit product lines, and) (b) face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with the shop manager or nominated members of staff (n=32). Data were collected at Wave 1 (2016), at the beginning and during the early stages of HRS implementation; and Wave 2, 12 months later, after the HRS implementation deadline. Results All outlets, both commercial and not-for-profit, in the sample successfully implemented HRS. Implementation was reported to be more challenging by independent shop managers compared to chain store staff. Retail managers identified areas where more implementation guidance and support could have been provided. The number of chocolate product lines and promotions reduced substantially between Waves 1 and 2, but with no substantial increase in fruit product lines and promotions. Despite initial negative expectations of HRS’s impact, managers identified some opportunities in the scheme and positive changes in the supply chain. Conclusions Positive changes in food retail outlets occurred after hospital shops were required to implement HRS. By creating a consistent approach across hospital shops in Scotland, HRS changed the food retail environment for hospital staff, visitors and patients. HRS provides a regulatory template and implementation learning points for influencing retail environments in other jurisdictions and settings

Identifying dietary differences between Scotland and England:a rapid review of the literature

Rates of premature mortality have been higher in Scotland than in England since the 1970s. Given the known association of diet with chronic disease, the study objective was to identify and synthesise evidence on current and historical differences in food and nutrient intakes in Scotland and England.A rapid review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature was carried out. After an initial scoping search, Medline, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Relevant grey literature was also included. Inclusion criteria were: any date; measures of dietary intake; representative populations; cross-sectional or observational cohort studies; and English-language publications. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. A narrative synthesis of extracted information was conducted.Fifty publications and reports were included in the review. Results indicated that children and adults in Scotland had lower intakes of vegetables and vitamins compared with those living in England. Higher intakes of salt in Scotland were also identified. Data were limited by small Scottish samples, difficulty in finding England-level data, lack of statistical testing and adjustment for key confounders.Further investigation of adequately powered and analysed surveys is required to examine more fully dietary differences between Scotland and England. This would provide greater insight into potential causes of excess mortality in Scotland compared with England and suitable policy recommendations to address these inequalities